SAP MM & ABAP Interview Questions (2026 Master Guide)

Q1. What is the organizational structure in SAP Materials Management (MM)?

Foundation • 0-2 Yrs

The MM organizational hierarchy consists of: Client -> Company Code -> Plant (manufacturing/storage facility) -> Storage Location (subdivision of plant holding physical stock) -> Purchasing Organization (commercial negotiation unit) -> Purchasing Group (buyer).

Q2. What are the key differences between a Plant and a Storage Location?

Foundation • 0-2 Yrs

A Plant is a logistics entity in SAP that can manufacture goods, hold inventory, distribute products, or receive services (assigned to a company code). A Storage Location is a sub-unit within a Plant that segregates physical inventory (e.g., Raw Materials, Finished Goods, Quality Inspection).

Q3. Explain the end-to-end Procure-to-Pay (P2P) cycle in SAP MM.

Foundation • 0-2 Yrs

1. Determination of Requirements (Purchase Requisition - ME51N) -> 2. Source Determination (RFQ/Quotation - ME41) -> 3. Vendor Selection -> 4. Purchase Order Creation (ME21N) -> 5. Goods Receipt (MIGO) -> 6. Invoice Verification (MIRO) -> 7. Payment Processing (F110 in FI).

Q4. What is a Material Master and what are its critical views?

Foundation • 0-2 Yrs

The Material Master is the central repository of material information. Key views include: Basic Data, Purchasing (purchasing group, order unit), MRP (planning type, reorder point), General Plant/Storage (storage conditions), Accounting (valuation class, price control), and Costing.

Q5. Explain the difference between Price Control 'S' (Standard) and 'V' (Moving Average).

Foundation • 0-2 Yrs

Standard Price (S): Inventory is valued at a constant standard price; variances during goods receipt or invoice verification post to Price Difference (PRD) accounts. Moving Average Price (V): Inventory value fluctuates dynamically: Total Value / Total Quantity; variances adjust material valuation directly if stock exists.

Q6. What is a Valuation Class and how does it determine Automatic Account Determination (OBYC)?

Foundation • 0-2 Yrs

The Valuation Class groups materials with identical accounting requirements. In OBYC, the combination of Chart of Accounts + Valuation Grouping Code + Transaction Key (BSX, WRX, PRD) + Valuation Class determines the exact GL account posted during goods movements.

Q7. Explain the different stock types in SAP MM (Unrestricted, Quality, Blocked).

Foundation • 0-2 Yrs

Unrestricted-Use Stock: Physical stock available for consumption, sales, or manufacturing. Quality Inspection Stock: Stock held pending lab testing/quality release (not available for delivery). Blocked Stock: Defective or rejected stock quarantined from usage.

Q8. What are Movement Types in SAP and why are they fundamental?

Foundation • 0-2 Yrs

A Movement Type is a 3-digit key (e.g., 101 Goods Receipt for PO, 201 Goods Issue for Cost Center, 261 Goods Issue for Order, 311 Transfer Posting) that controls the accounting update, field selection, and inventory quantity changes for every goods movement.

Q9. What is a Purchase Info Record (PIR) in SAP MM?

Foundation • 0-2 Yrs

A PIR stores master relationship data between a specific vendor and a specific material, including agreed vendor price, price validity dates, delivery lead times, tolerance limits, and planned delivery costs.

Q10. What is the difference between a Contract and a Scheduling Agreement?

Foundation • 0-2 Yrs

A Contract is an outline agreement without specific delivery dates (release orders ME21N are issued as needed). A Scheduling Agreement specifies total delivery quantities over a timeframe with predetermined schedule lines (delivery dates and quantities).

Q11. What is ABAP and what are the primary ABAP data types?

Foundation • 0-2 Yrs

ABAP (Advanced Business Application Programming) is SAP's high-level language. Elementary data types: C (Character), N (Numeric text), D (Date), T (Time), I (Integer), P (Packed decimal for currency), F (Float), and STRING (variable-length text).

Q12. What is the difference between an Internal Table and a Work Area?

Foundation • 0-2 Yrs

A Work Area is a single-row memory structure that holds one record at a time. An Internal Table is a dynamic array holding multiple rows of identical structure in memory during program runtime, populated via SELECT statements and iterated via LOOP AT.

Q13. Explain the three types of Internal Tables: Standard, Sorted, and Hashed.

Foundation • 0-2 Yrs

Standard Table: Linear search (O(n)), access via index, allows duplicate keys. Sorted Table: Always sorted by key, logarithmic binary search (O(log n)), access via index or key. Hashed Table: Stored using internal hash algorithm, instant constant-time access by unique key (O(1)), no index access.

Q14. What is an ABAP Open SQL statement and how does it differ from Native SQL?

Foundation • 0-2 Yrs

Open SQL is a vendor-independent SQL subset that communicates with any database via the Database Interface. Native SQL writes database-specific queries (e.g., HANA SQLScript) directly, bypassing the ABAP database interface.

Q15. What are the key modularization units in ABAP?

Foundation • 0-2 Yrs

Subroutines (FORM...ENDFORM, obsolete), Function Modules (FUNCTION...ENDFUNCTION with global interface), and Methods of ABAP Classes (CLASS...ENDCLASS), supporting modern object-oriented programming.

Q16. Explain Core Data Services (CDS Views) in ABAP for SAP HANA.

Experienced • 3-5+ Yrs

CDS Views push data-intensive calculations from the ABAP application server directly down to the SAP HANA database layer (Code-to-Data paradigm). Defined using DDL (Data Definition Language), CDS Views support associations (lazy joins), built-in SQL functions, access controls (DCL), and automatic OData service generation.

Q17. What is an ABAP Managed Database Procedure (AMDP) and when is it preferred over CDS?

Experienced • 3-5+ Yrs

AMDP allows developers to write native HANA SQLScript procedures directly inside ABAP class methods. AMDP is preferred when complex procedural logic (loops, temporary tables, advanced mathematical modeling) cannot be expressed purely within declarative CDS Views.

Q18. Explain the difference between ABAP CDS Associations and Joins.

Experienced • 3-5+ Yrs

A JOIN evaluates all connected tables immediately at query execution time. An Association is a semantic relationship that is evaluated on-demand (lazy join); if a consumer query does not request fields from the associated table, the database executes zero joins, optimizing performance.

Q19. What is the ABAP RESTful Application Programming Model (RAP)?

Experienced • 3-5+ Yrs

RAP is the modern cloud-ready architecture for building Fiori apps and Web APIs on S/4HANA. It uses CDS Views for data modeling, Behavior Definitions (BDEF) for business logic (create, update, delete, actions), and Business Services (Service Definition & Service Binding) for OData exposure.

Q20. How do you implement BAPIs (Business Application Programming Interfaces)?

Experienced • 3-5+ Yrs

A BAPI is a standard RFC-enabled function module with a defined interface that encapsulates business logic. After invoking a modifying BAPI (e.g., BAPI_PO_CREATE1), you must evaluate the BAPIRET2 return table and explicitly execute BAPI_TRANSACTION_COMMIT or BAPI_TRANSACTION_ROLLBACK.

Q21. What are Business Add-Ins (BADIs) and how do they differ from User Exits?

Experienced • 3-5+ Yrs

User Exits (in SD) and Customer Exits are procedural subroutines. BADIs (Business Add-Ins) are object-oriented enhancement spots based on interfaces. Modern New BADIs (Kernel BADIs) are processed directly by the ABAP runtime with filter-dependent implementations and multiple active instances.

Q22. Explain Split Valuation in SAP MM and common business use cases.

Experienced • 3-5+ Yrs

Split Valuation allows a single material in the same plant to be managed at different prices and inventory accounts based on criteria: Origin (domestic vs imported), Grade/Quality (Batch A vs Batch B), or Procurement Type (in-house manufactured vs externally purchased).

Q23. What is Subcontracting in SAP MM and how are components tracked?

Experienced • 3-5+ Yrs

In Subcontracting, the enterprise supplies raw materials/components to a vendor who manufactures a finished product. Components are issued to 'Stock provided to Vendor' (Movement 541). Upon goods receipt (Movement 101), components are consumed automatically (Movement 543).

Q24. How does Consignment stock procurement work in SAP MM?

Experienced • 3-5+ Yrs

In Consignment, the vendor places stock at the customer's warehouse, but ownership remains with the vendor until consumed. No financial liability is created on Goods Receipt (Movement 101 K). Liability occurs when stock is withdrawn (Movement 201 K / 411 K), settled via MRKO.

Q25. What is the Code Inspector (SCI) and ABAP Test Cockpit (ATC) in S/4HANA?

Experienced • 3-5+ Yrs

ATC checks custom ABAP code against performance guidelines and S/4HANA readiness, identifying obsolete tables, SELECT * without WHERE clauses, missing ORDER BY on binary searches, and recommending CDS/AMDP pushdown opportunities.

Q26. Explain the difference between SELECT SINGLE and SELECT ... UP TO 1 ROWS.

Experienced • 3-5+ Yrs

SELECT SINGLE requires specifying the complete primary key in the WHERE clause to fetch a single unique row. SELECT ... UP TO 1 ROWS fetches the first matching row from an incomplete key query and requires an explicit ORDER BY to guarantee deterministic results.

Q27. How do you handle lock objects (Enqueue/Dequeue) in custom ABAP programs?

Experienced • 3-5+ Yrs

Lock objects (created in SE11 with prefix EY or EZ) prevent concurrent updates to identical database records. The program calls generated function module ENQUEUE_ to acquire the lock, performs processing, and calls DEQUEUE_ to release it.

Q28. What is the Purpose of OData Services in modern SAP Fiori development?

Experienced • 3-5+ Yrs

OData (Open Data Protocol) is a REST-based protocol used to exchange data between SAP S/4HANA backend systems and SAP Fiori / SAPUI5 web applications via JSON/XML payloads, utilizing standard HTTP operations (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE).

Q29. How do you troubleshoot a performance issue in an ABAP report (SAT & ST05)?

Experienced • 3-5+ Yrs

Use ST05 (Performance Trace) to trace SQL statements, indexes used, and execution times on the database. Use SAT (Runtime Analysis) to measure execution time distribution between ABAP code, database, and system routines.

Q30. Explain Source List and Quota Arrangement in SAP Purchasing.

Experienced • 3-5+ Yrs

A Source List specifies preferred vendors for a material in a plant over a timeframe. A Quota Arrangement automatically distributes procurement requirements across multiple vendors based on defined percentage quotas.

Q31. Write a CDS View definition in ABAP Core Data Services with an inner join.

Live Coding Challenge

We define a CDS view entity joining EKKO and EKPO on EBELN.

@AbapCatalog.viewEnhancementCategory: [#NONE]
@AccessControl.authorizationCheck: #NOT_REQUIRED
define view entity ZI_PurchaseOrder
  as select from ekko as Header
  inner join   ekpo as Item on Header.ebeln = Item.ebeln
{
  key Header.ebeln as PurchaseOrder,
  key Item.ebelp   as PurchaseOrderItem,
      Header.bsart as OrderType,
      Header.lifnr as Supplier,
      Item.matnr   as Material,
      Item.menge   as Quantity
};

Q32. Write an AMDP method definition and implementation in an ABAP class.

Live Coding Challenge

We implement an AMDP class method using SQLScript on HANA.

CLASS zcl_amdp_demo DEFINITION PUBLIC.
  PUBLIC SECTION.
    INTERFACES if_amdp_marker_hdb.
    TYPES: tt_po TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF ekko WITH EMPTY KEY.
    METHODS get_open_orders IMPORTING VALUE(iv_bukrs) TYPE bukrs
                            EXPORTING VALUE(et_orders) TYPE tt_po.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcl_amdp_demo IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD get_open_orders BY DATABASE PROCEDURE FOR HDB LANGUAGE SQLSCRIPT OPTIONS READ-ONLY USING ekko.
    et_orders = select * from ekko where mandt = session_context('CLIENT') and bukrs = :iv_bukrs;
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

Q33. Write an ABAP code snippet to call BAPI_PO_CREATE1 with commit logic.

Live Coding Challenge

We populate headers and items, invoke the BAPI, and commit on success.

DATA: lt_return TYPE TABLE OF bapiret2.
CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_PO_CREATE1'
  EXPORTING poheader = ls_po_header
  TABLES poitem = lt_po_items
         return = lt_return.

IF NOT line_exists( lt_return[ type = 'E' ] )
   AND NOT line_exists( lt_return[ type = 'A' ] ).
  CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_TRANSACTION_COMMIT' EXPORTING wait = 'X'.
ELSE.
  CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_TRANSACTION_ROLLBACK'.
ENDIF.

Q34. Write an ABAP 7.40+ inline table expression to read a row from an internal table.

Live Coding Challenge

Using square bracket table expressions with VALUE #( ) fallback.

TRY.
    DATA(ls_item) = lt_items[ matnr = 'MAT001' plant = '1000' ].
    out->write( ls_item-menge ).
  CATCH cx_sy_itab_line_not_found.
    out->write( 'Item not found' ).
ENDTRY.

Q35. Write the ABAP code to use REDUCE operator for summing quantities in an internal table.

Live Coding Challenge

We use modern ABAP expression REDUCE to aggregate table rows into a scalar.

DATA(total_qty) = REDUCE menge_d( 
  INIT total = 0 
  FOR line IN lt_po_items 
  NEXT total = total + line-menge 
).

Q36. Write an Open SQL statement with CASE expression and aggregation in ABAP 7.50+.

Live Coding Challenge

We select material group, sum quantities, and evaluate high-volume flags.

SELECT matkl,
       SUM( menge ) AS total_qty,
       CASE WHEN SUM( menge ) > 1000 THEN 'High' ELSE 'Low' END AS volume_tier
  FROM ekpo
  GROUP BY matkl
  INTO TABLE @DATA(lt_summary).

Q37. Write an ABAP method to read a custom lock object before updating records.

Live Coding Challenge

Call ENQUEUE function module with error handling.

CALL FUNCTION 'ENQUEUE_EZCUSTOM_LOCK'
  EXPORTING matnr = 'MAT001'
  EXCEPTIONS foreign_lock = 1 system_failure = 2 OTHERS = 3.
IF sy-subrc <> 0.
  MESSAGE 'Record locked by another user' TYPE 'E'.
ENDIF.

Q38. Write the configuration entry in OBYC for Inventory Posting (BSX).

Live Coding Challenge

Combine Valuation Area, General Modification, and Valuation Class to assign GL Account.

/* OBYC Table Configuration */
Transaction: BSX (Inventory Posting)
Valuation Modifier: 0001
Valuation Class:    3000 (Raw Materials)
Account:            140000 (Inventory Raw Materials)

Q39. Write the Movement Type and T-Code for physical inventory counting in SAP MM.

Live Coding Challenge

T-Code MI01 to create document, MI04 to enter count, MI07 to post differences.

/* Physical Inventory Steps */
1. MI01 - Create Physical Inventory Document
2. MI04 - Enter Count
3. MI07 - Post Inventory Difference (Movement 701 for gain, 702 for loss)

Q40. Write a CDS View with Parameter to filter purchase orders by company code dynamically.

Live Coding Challenge

Using with parameters clause in ABAP CDS entity.

@AccessControl.authorizationCheck: #NOT_REQUIRED
define view entity ZI_PO_By_Company
  with parameters p_bukrs : bukrs
  as select from ekko
{
  key ebeln as PurchaseOrder,
      bsart as OrderType,
      lifnr as Supplier
} where bukrs = $parameters.p_bukrs;